Add support for bindless textures from shader input (vertex buffer) on Vulkan (#6577)

* Add support for bindless textures from shader input (vertex buffer)

* Shader cache version bump

* Format whitespace

* Remove cache entries on pool removal, disable for OpenGL

* PR feedback

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Capabilities.cs

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public readonly bool SupportsMismatchingViewFormat;
         public readonly bool SupportsCubemapView;
         public readonly bool SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset;
+        public readonly bool SupportsSeparateSampler;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBallot;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderFloat64;
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             bool supportsMismatchingViewFormat,
             bool supportsCubemapView,
             bool supportsNonConstantTextureOffset,
+            bool supportsSeparateSampler,
             bool supportsShaderBallot,
             bool supportsShaderBarrierDivergence,
             bool supportsShaderFloat64,
@@ -144,6 +146,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             SupportsMismatchingViewFormat = supportsMismatchingViewFormat;
             SupportsCubemapView = supportsCubemapView;
             SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset = supportsNonConstantTextureOffset;
+            SupportsSeparateSampler = supportsSeparateSampler;
             SupportsShaderBallot = supportsShaderBallot;
             SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence = supportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
             SupportsShaderFloat64 = supportsShaderFloat64;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Compute/ComputeClass.cs

@@ -126,6 +126,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
             ulong samplerPoolGpuVa = ((ulong)_state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolAOffsetUpper << 32) | _state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolB;
             ulong texturePoolGpuVa = ((ulong)_state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolAOffsetUpper << 32) | _state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolB;
 
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId = _state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolCMaximumIndex;
+
             GpuChannelPoolState poolState = new(
                 texturePoolGpuVa,
                 _state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolCMaximumIndex,
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
                 sharedMemorySize,
                 _channel.BufferManager.HasUnalignedStorageBuffers);
 
-            CachedShaderProgram cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
+            CachedShaderProgram cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
 
             _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(cs.HostProgram);
 
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
                     sharedMemorySize,
                     _channel.BufferManager.HasUnalignedStorageBuffers);
 
-                cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
+                cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
 
                 _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(cs.HostProgram);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/StateUpdater.cs

@@ -1429,7 +1429,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                 addressesSpan[index] = baseAddress + shader.Offset;
             }
 
-            CachedShaderProgram gs = shaderCache.GetGraphicsShader(ref _state.State, ref _pipeline, _channel, ref _currentSpecState.GetPoolState(), ref _currentSpecState.GetGraphicsState(), addresses);
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId = _state.State.SamplerIndex == SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex
+                ? _state.State.TexturePoolState.MaximumId
+                : _state.State.SamplerPoolState.MaximumId;
+
+            CachedShaderProgram gs = shaderCache.GetGraphicsShader(
+                ref _state.State,
+                ref _pipeline,
+                _channel,
+                samplerPoolMaximumId,
+                ref _currentSpecState.GetPoolState(),
+                ref _currentSpecState.GetGraphicsState(),
+                addresses);
 
             // Consume the modified flag for spec state so that it isn't checked again.
             _currentSpecState.SetShader(gs);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/PoolCache.cs

@@ -62,8 +62,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel that the texture pool cache belongs to</param>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the texture pool</param>
         /// <param name="maximumId">Maximum ID of the texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingsArrayCache">Cache of texture array bindings</param>
         /// <returns>The found or newly created texture pool</returns>
-        public T FindOrCreate(GpuChannel channel, ulong address, int maximumId)
+        public T FindOrCreate(GpuChannel channel, ulong address, int maximumId, TextureBindingsArrayCache bindingsArrayCache)
         {
             // Remove old entries from the cache, if possible.
             while (_pools.Count > MaxCapacity && (_currentTimestamp - _pools.First.Value.CacheTimestamp) >= MinDeltaForRemoval)
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 _pools.RemoveFirst();
                 oldestPool.Dispose();
                 oldestPool.CacheNode = null;
+                bindingsArrayCache.RemoveAllWithPool(oldestPool);
             }
 
             T pool;
@@ -87,8 +89,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     if (pool.CacheNode != _pools.Last)
                     {
                         _pools.Remove(pool.CacheNode);
-
-                        pool.CacheNode = _pools.AddLast(pool);
+                        _pools.AddLast(pool.CacheNode);
                     }
 
                     pool.CacheTimestamp = _currentTimestamp;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingInfo.cs

@@ -44,6 +44,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public TextureUsageFlags Flags { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates that the binding is for a sampler.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsSamplerOnly { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Constructs the texture binding information structure.
         /// </summary>
@@ -74,8 +79,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags) : this(target, (Format)0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
+        /// <param name="isSamplerOnly">Indicates that the binding is for a sampler</param>
+        public TextureBindingInfo(
+            Target target,
+            int binding,
+            int arrayLength,
+            int cbufSlot,
+            int handle,
+            TextureUsageFlags flags,
+            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
         {
+            IsSamplerOnly = isSamplerOnly;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsArrayCache.cs

@@ -21,12 +21,98 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
         private readonly GpuContext _context;
         private readonly GpuChannel _channel;
-        private readonly bool _isCompute;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Array cache entry key.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly struct CacheEntryKey : IEquatable<CacheEntryKey>
+        private readonly struct CacheEntryFromPoolKey : IEquatable<CacheEntryFromPoolKey>
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether the entry is for an image.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly bool IsImage;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether the entry is for a sampler.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly bool IsSampler;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Texture or image target type.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Target Target;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Number of entries of the array.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly int ArrayLength;
+
+            private readonly TexturePool _texturePool;
+            private readonly SamplerPool _samplerPool;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="isImage">Whether the entry is for an image</param>
+            /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding information for the array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntryFromPoolKey(bool isImage, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            {
+                IsImage = isImage;
+                IsSampler = bindingInfo.IsSamplerOnly;
+                Target = bindingInfo.Target;
+                ArrayLength = bindingInfo.ArrayLength;
+
+                _texturePool = texturePool;
+                _samplerPool = samplerPool;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the pool matches the cached pool.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture or sampler pool instance</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the pool matches, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool MatchesPool<T>(IPool<T> pool)
+            {
+                return _texturePool == pool || _samplerPool == pool;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the texture and sampler pools matches the cached pools.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool instance</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool instance</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the pools match, false otherwise</returns>
+            private bool MatchesPools(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            {
+                return _texturePool == texturePool && _samplerPool == samplerPool;
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(CacheEntryFromPoolKey other)
+            {
+                return IsImage == other.IsImage &&
+                    IsSampler == other.IsSampler &&
+                    Target == other.Target &&
+                    ArrayLength == other.ArrayLength &&
+                    MatchesPools(other._texturePool, other._samplerPool);
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return obj is CacheEntryFromBufferKey other && Equals(other);
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return HashCode.Combine(_texturePool, _samplerPool, IsSampler);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Array cache entry key.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly struct CacheEntryFromBufferKey : IEquatable<CacheEntryFromBufferKey>
         {
             /// <summary>
             /// Whether the entry is for an image.
@@ -61,7 +147,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
             /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
-            public CacheEntryKey(
+            public CacheEntryFromBufferKey(
                 bool isImage,
                 TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
                 TexturePool texturePool,
@@ -100,7 +186,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 return _textureBufferBounds.Equals(textureBufferBounds);
             }
 
-            public bool Equals(CacheEntryKey other)
+            public bool Equals(CacheEntryFromBufferKey other)
             {
                 return IsImage == other.IsImage &&
                     Target == other.Target &&
@@ -112,7 +198,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             public override bool Equals(object obj)
             {
-                return obj is CacheEntryKey other && Equals(other);
+                return obj is CacheEntryFromBufferKey other && Equals(other);
             }
 
             public override int GetHashCode()
@@ -122,88 +208,58 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Array cache entry.
+        /// Array cache entry from pool.
         /// </summary>
         private class CacheEntry
         {
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Key for this entry on the cache.
-            /// </summary>
-            public readonly CacheEntryKey Key;
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Linked list node used on the texture bindings array cache.
-            /// </summary>
-            public LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> CacheNode;
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Timestamp set on the last use of the array by the cache.
-            /// </summary>
-            public int CacheTimestamp;
-
             /// <summary>
             /// All cached textures, along with their invalidated sequence number as value.
             /// </summary>
             public readonly Dictionary<Texture, int> Textures;
 
             /// <summary>
-            /// All pool texture IDs along with their textures.
+            /// Backend texture array if the entry is for a texture, otherwise null.
             /// </summary>
-            public readonly Dictionary<int, Texture> TextureIds;
+            public readonly ITextureArray TextureArray;
 
             /// <summary>
-            /// All pool sampler IDs along with their samplers.
+            /// Backend image array if the entry is for an image, otherwise null.
             /// </summary>
-            public readonly Dictionary<int, Sampler> SamplerIds;
+            public readonly IImageArray ImageArray;
 
             /// <summary>
-            /// Backend texture array if the entry is for a texture, otherwise null.
+            /// Texture pool where the array textures are located.
             /// </summary>
-            public readonly ITextureArray TextureArray;
+            protected readonly TexturePool TexturePool;
 
             /// <summary>
-            /// Backend image array if the entry is for an image, otherwise null.
+            /// Sampler pool where the array samplers are located.
             /// </summary>
-            public readonly IImageArray ImageArray;
-
-            private readonly TexturePool _texturePool;
-            private readonly SamplerPool _samplerPool;
+            protected readonly SamplerPool SamplerPool;
 
             private int _texturePoolSequence;
             private int _samplerPoolSequence;
 
-            private int[] _cachedTextureBuffer;
-            private int[] _cachedSamplerBuffer;
-
-            private int _lastSequenceNumber;
-
             /// <summary>
             /// Creates a new array cache entry.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
-            private CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            private CacheEntry(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
             {
-                Key = key;
                 Textures = new Dictionary<Texture, int>();
-                TextureIds = new Dictionary<int, Texture>();
-                SamplerIds = new Dictionary<int, Sampler>();
 
-                _texturePool = texturePool;
-                _samplerPool = samplerPool;
-
-                _lastSequenceNumber = -1;
+                TexturePool = texturePool;
+                SamplerPool = samplerPool;
             }
 
             /// <summary>
             /// Creates a new array cache entry.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
             /// <param name="array">Backend texture array</param>
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
-            public CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, ITextureArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(ref key, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            public CacheEntry(ITextureArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(texturePool, samplerPool)
             {
                 TextureArray = array;
             }
@@ -211,11 +267,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// <summary>
             /// Creates a new array cache entry.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
             /// <param name="array">Backend image array</param>
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
-            public CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, IImageArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(ref key, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            public CacheEntry(IImageArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(texturePool, samplerPool)
             {
                 ImageArray = array;
             }
@@ -248,23 +303,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// <summary>
             /// Clears all cached texture instances.
             /// </summary>
-            public void Reset()
+            public virtual void Reset()
             {
                 Textures.Clear();
-                TextureIds.Clear();
-                SamplerIds.Clear();
-            }
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Updates the cached constant buffer data.
-            /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="cachedTextureBuffer">Constant buffer data with the texture handles (and sampler handles, if they are combined)</param>
-            /// <param name="cachedSamplerBuffer">Constant buffer data with the sampler handles</param>
-            /// <param name="separateSamplerBuffer">Whether <paramref name="cachedTextureBuffer"/> and <paramref name="cachedSamplerBuffer"/> comes from different buffers</param>
-            public void UpdateData(ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer, bool separateSamplerBuffer)
-            {
-                _cachedTextureBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer.ToArray();
-                _cachedSamplerBuffer = separateSamplerBuffer ? cachedSamplerBuffer.ToArray() : _cachedTextureBuffer;
             }
 
             /// <summary>
@@ -287,39 +328,105 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// <summary>
             /// Checks if the cached texture or sampler pool has been modified since the last call to this method.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pools might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
-            public bool PoolsModified()
+            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pool might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool TexturePoolModified()
             {
-                bool texturePoolModified = _texturePool.WasModified(ref _texturePoolSequence);
-                bool samplerPoolModified = _samplerPool.WasModified(ref _samplerPoolSequence);
+                return TexturePool.WasModified(ref _texturePoolSequence);
+            }
 
-                // If both pools were not modified since the last check, we have nothing else to check.
-                if (!texturePoolModified && !samplerPoolModified)
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the cached texture or sampler pool has been modified since the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pool might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool SamplerPoolModified()
+            {
+                return SamplerPool.WasModified(ref _samplerPoolSequence);
+            }
+        }
 
-                // If the pools were modified, let's check if any of the entries we care about changed.
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Array cache entry from constant buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        private class CacheEntryFromBuffer : CacheEntry
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Key for this entry on the cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly CacheEntryFromBufferKey Key;
 
-                // Check if any of our cached textures changed on the pool.
-                foreach ((int textureId, Texture texture) in TextureIds)
-                {
-                    if (_texturePool.GetCachedItem(textureId) != texture)
-                    {
-                        return true;
-                    }
-                }
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Linked list node used on the texture bindings array cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public LinkedListNode<CacheEntryFromBuffer> CacheNode;
 
-                // Check if any of our cached samplers changed on the pool.
-                foreach ((int samplerId, Sampler sampler) in SamplerIds)
-                {
-                    if (_samplerPool.GetCachedItem(samplerId) != sampler)
-                    {
-                        return true;
-                    }
-                }
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Timestamp set on the last use of the array by the cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int CacheTimestamp;
 
-                return false;
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All pool texture IDs along with their textures.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<int, (Texture, TextureDescriptor)> TextureIds;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All pool sampler IDs along with their samplers.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<int, (Sampler, SamplerDescriptor)> SamplerIds;
+
+            private int[] _cachedTextureBuffer;
+            private int[] _cachedSamplerBuffer;
+
+            private int _lastSequenceNumber;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="array">Backend texture array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref CacheEntryFromBufferKey key, ITextureArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : base(array, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            {
+                Key = key;
+                _lastSequenceNumber = -1;
+                TextureIds = new Dictionary<int, (Texture, TextureDescriptor)>();
+                SamplerIds = new Dictionary<int, (Sampler, SamplerDescriptor)>();
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="array">Backend image array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref CacheEntryFromBufferKey key, IImageArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : base(array, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            {
+                Key = key;
+                _lastSequenceNumber = -1;
+                TextureIds = new Dictionary<int, (Texture, TextureDescriptor)>();
+                SamplerIds = new Dictionary<int, (Sampler, SamplerDescriptor)>();
+            }
+
+            /// <inheritdoc/>
+            public override void Reset()
+            {
+                base.Reset();
+                TextureIds.Clear();
+                SamplerIds.Clear();
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Updates the cached constant buffer data.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="cachedTextureBuffer">Constant buffer data with the texture handles (and sampler handles, if they are combined)</param>
+            /// <param name="cachedSamplerBuffer">Constant buffer data with the sampler handles</param>
+            /// <param name="separateSamplerBuffer">Whether <paramref name="cachedTextureBuffer"/> and <paramref name="cachedSamplerBuffer"/> comes from different buffers</param>
+            public void UpdateData(ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer, bool separateSamplerBuffer)
+            {
+                _cachedTextureBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer.ToArray();
+                _cachedSamplerBuffer = separateSamplerBuffer ? cachedSamplerBuffer.ToArray() : _cachedTextureBuffer;
             }
 
             /// <summary>
@@ -380,10 +487,51 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 return true;
             }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the cached texture or sampler pool has been modified since the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pools might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool PoolsModified()
+            {
+                bool texturePoolModified = TexturePoolModified();
+                bool samplerPoolModified = SamplerPoolModified();
+
+                // If both pools were not modified since the last check, we have nothing else to check.
+                if (!texturePoolModified && !samplerPoolModified)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // If the pools were modified, let's check if any of the entries we care about changed.
+
+                // Check if any of our cached textures changed on the pool.
+                foreach ((int textureId, (Texture texture, TextureDescriptor descriptor)) in TextureIds)
+                {
+                    if (TexturePool.GetCachedItem(textureId) != texture ||
+                        (texture == null && TexturePool.IsValidId(textureId) && !TexturePool.GetDescriptorRef(textureId).Equals(descriptor)))
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Check if any of our cached samplers changed on the pool.
+                foreach ((int samplerId, (Sampler sampler, SamplerDescriptor descriptor)) in SamplerIds)
+                {
+                    if (SamplerPool.GetCachedItem(samplerId) != sampler ||
+                        (sampler == null && SamplerPool.IsValidId(samplerId) && !SamplerPool.GetDescriptorRef(samplerId).Equals(descriptor)))
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
         }
 
-        private readonly Dictionary<CacheEntryKey, CacheEntry> _cache;
-        private readonly LinkedList<CacheEntry> _lruCache;
+        private readonly Dictionary<CacheEntryFromBufferKey, CacheEntryFromBuffer> _cacheFromBuffer;
+        private readonly Dictionary<CacheEntryFromPoolKey, CacheEntry> _cacheFromPool;
+        private readonly LinkedList<CacheEntryFromBuffer> _lruCache;
 
         private int _currentTimestamp;
 
@@ -392,14 +540,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="context">GPU context</param>
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
-        /// <param name="isCompute">Whether the bindings will be used for compute or graphics pipelines</param>
-        public TextureBindingsArrayCache(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel, bool isCompute)
+        public TextureBindingsArrayCache(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel)
         {
             _context = context;
             _channel = channel;
-            _isCompute = isCompute;
-            _cache = new Dictionary<CacheEntryKey, CacheEntry>();
-            _lruCache = new LinkedList<CacheEntry>();
+            _cacheFromBuffer = new Dictionary<CacheEntryFromBufferKey, CacheEntryFromBuffer>();
+            _cacheFromPool = new Dictionary<CacheEntryFromPoolKey, CacheEntry>();
+            _lruCache = new LinkedList<CacheEntryFromBuffer>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -457,15 +604,180 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             bool isImage,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
             TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            if (IsDirectHandleType(bindingInfo.Handle))
+            {
+                UpdateFromPool(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, isImage, bindingInfo);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                UpdateFromBuffer(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage, samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture or image array bindings and textures from a texture or sampler pool.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        private void UpdateFromPool(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool, ShaderStage stage, bool isImage, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(texturePool, samplerPool, bindingInfo, isImage, out bool isNewEntry);
+
+            bool isSampler = bindingInfo.IsSamplerOnly;
+            bool poolModified = isSampler ? entry.SamplerPoolModified() : entry.TexturePoolModified();
+            bool isStore = bindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
+            bool resScaleUnsupported = bindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ResScaleUnsupported);
+
+            if (!poolModified && !isNewEntry && entry.ValidateTextures())
+            {
+                entry.SynchronizeMemory(isStore, resScaleUnsupported);
+
+                if (isImage)
+                {
+                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                }
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (!isNewEntry)
+            {
+                entry.Reset();
+            }
+
+            int length = (isSampler ? samplerPool.MaximumId : texturePool.MaximumId) + 1;
+            length = Math.Min(length, bindingInfo.ArrayLength);
+
+            Format[] formats = isImage ? new Format[bindingInfo.ArrayLength] : null;
+            ISampler[] samplers = isImage ? null : new ISampler[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
+            ITexture[] textures = new ITexture[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < length; index++)
+            {
+                Texture texture = null;
+                Sampler sampler = null;
+
+                if (isSampler)
+                {
+                    sampler = samplerPool?.Get(index);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref texturePool.GetForBinding(index, out texture);
+
+                    if (texture != null)
+                    {
+                        entry.Textures[texture] = texture.InvalidatedSequence;
+
+                        if (isStore)
+                        {
+                            texture.SignalModified();
+                        }
+
+                        if (resScaleUnsupported && texture.ScaleMode != TextureScaleMode.Blacklisted)
+                        {
+                            // Scaling textures used on arrays is currently not supported.
+
+                            texture.BlacklistScale();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ITexture hostTexture = texture?.GetTargetTexture(bindingInfo.Target);
+                ISampler hostSampler = sampler?.GetHostSampler(texture);
+
+                Format format = bindingInfo.Format;
+
+                if (hostTexture != null && texture.Target == Target.TextureBuffer)
+                {
+                    // Ensure that the buffer texture is using the correct buffer as storage.
+                    // Buffers are frequently re-created to accommodate larger data, so we need to re-bind
+                    // to ensure we're not using a old buffer that was already deleted.
+                    if (isImage)
+                    {
+                        if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                        {
+                            format = texture.Format;
+                        }
+
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (isImage)
+                {
+                    if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                    {
+                        format = texture.Format;
+                    }
+
+                    formats[index] = format;
+                    textures[index] = hostTexture;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    samplers[index] = hostSampler;
+                    textures[index] = hostTexture;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isImage)
+            {
+                entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
+                entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
+                entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture or image array bindings and textures from constant buffer handles.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerIndex">Sampler handles source</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        private void UpdateFromBuffer(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            ShaderStage stage,
+            int stageIndex,
+            int textureBufferIndex,
+            bool isImage,
+            SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             (textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, textureBufferIndex);
 
             bool separateSamplerBuffer = textureBufferIndex != samplerBufferIndex;
+            bool isCompute = stage == ShaderStage.Compute;
 
-            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(_isCompute, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
-            ref BufferBounds samplerBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(_isCompute, stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
+            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(isCompute, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
+            ref BufferBounds samplerBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(isCompute, stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
 
-            CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(
+            CacheEntryFromBuffer entry = GetOrAddEntry(
                 texturePool,
                 samplerPool,
                 bindingInfo,
@@ -589,8 +901,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 Sampler sampler = samplerPool?.Get(samplerId);
 
-                entry.TextureIds[textureId] = texture;
-                entry.SamplerIds[samplerId] = sampler;
+                entry.TextureIds[textureId] = (texture, descriptor);
+                entry.SamplerIds[samplerId] = (sampler, samplerPool?.GetDescriptorRef(samplerId) ?? default);
 
                 ITexture hostTexture = texture?.GetTargetTexture(bindingInfo.Target);
                 ISampler hostSampler = sampler?.GetHostSampler(texture);
@@ -650,16 +962,57 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Gets a cached texture entry, or creates a new one if not found.
+        /// Gets a cached texture entry from pool, or creates a new one if not found.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
         /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
-        /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
         /// <param name="isNew">Whether a new entry was created, or an existing one was returned</param>
         /// <returns>Cache entry</returns>
         private CacheEntry GetOrAddEntry(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            bool isImage,
+            out bool isNew)
+        {
+            CacheEntryFromPoolKey key = new CacheEntryFromPoolKey(isImage, bindingInfo, texturePool, samplerPool);
+
+            isNew = !_cacheFromPool.TryGetValue(key, out CacheEntry entry);
+
+            if (isNew)
+            {
+                int arrayLength = bindingInfo.ArrayLength;
+
+                if (isImage)
+                {
+                    IImageArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateImageArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
+
+                    _cacheFromPool.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ITextureArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateTextureArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
+
+                    _cacheFromPool.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return entry;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a cached texture entry from constant buffer, or creates a new one if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
+        /// <param name="isNew">Whether a new entry was created, or an existing one was returned</param>
+        /// <returns>Cache entry</returns>
+        private CacheEntryFromBuffer GetOrAddEntry(
             TexturePool texturePool,
             SamplerPool samplerPool,
             TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
@@ -667,14 +1020,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds,
             out bool isNew)
         {
-            CacheEntryKey key = new CacheEntryKey(
+            CacheEntryFromBufferKey key = new CacheEntryFromBufferKey(
                 isImage,
                 bindingInfo,
                 texturePool,
                 samplerPool,
                 ref textureBufferBounds);
 
-            isNew = !_cache.TryGetValue(key, out CacheEntry entry);
+            isNew = !_cacheFromBuffer.TryGetValue(key, out CacheEntryFromBuffer entry);
 
             if (isNew)
             {
@@ -684,13 +1037,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     IImageArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateImageArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
 
-                    _cache.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                    _cacheFromBuffer.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     ITextureArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateTextureArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
 
-                    _cache.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                    _cacheFromBuffer.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
                 }
             }
 
@@ -716,15 +1069,52 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         private void RemoveLeastUsedEntries()
         {
-            LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> nextNode = _lruCache.First;
+            LinkedListNode<CacheEntryFromBuffer> nextNode = _lruCache.First;
 
             while (nextNode != null && _currentTimestamp - nextNode.Value.CacheTimestamp >= MinDeltaForRemoval)
             {
-                LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> toRemove = nextNode;
+                LinkedListNode<CacheEntryFromBuffer> toRemove = nextNode;
                 nextNode = nextNode.Next;
-                _cache.Remove(toRemove.Value.Key);
+                _cacheFromBuffer.Remove(toRemove.Value.Key);
                 _lruCache.Remove(toRemove);
             }
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes all cached texture arrays matching the specified texture pool.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="pool">Texture pool</param>
+        public void RemoveAllWithPool<T>(IPool<T> pool)
+        {
+            List<CacheEntryFromPoolKey> keysToRemove = null;
+
+            foreach (CacheEntryFromPoolKey key in _cacheFromPool.Keys)
+            {
+                if (key.MatchesPool(pool))
+                {
+                    (keysToRemove ??= new()).Add(key);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (keysToRemove != null)
+            {
+                foreach (CacheEntryFromPoolKey key in keysToRemove)
+                {
+                    _cacheFromPool.Remove(key);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a handle indicates the binding should have all its textures sourced directly from a pool.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="handle">Handle to check</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the handle represents direct pool access, false otherwise</returns>
+        private static bool IsDirectHandleType(int handle)
+        {
+            (_, _, TextureHandleType type) = TextureHandle.UnpackOffsets(handle);
+
+            return type == TextureHandleType.Direct;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsManager.cs

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private readonly TexturePoolCache _texturePoolCache;
         private readonly SamplerPoolCache _samplerPoolCache;
 
-        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _arrayBindingsCache;
+        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _bindingsArrayCache;
 
         private TexturePool _cachedTexturePool;
         private SamplerPool _cachedSamplerPool;
@@ -72,12 +72,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="context">The GPU context that the texture bindings manager belongs to</param>
         /// <param name="channel">The GPU channel that the texture bindings manager belongs to</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingsArrayCache">Cache of texture array bindings</param>
         /// <param name="texturePoolCache">Texture pools cache used to get texture pools from</param>
         /// <param name="samplerPoolCache">Sampler pools cache used to get sampler pools from</param>
         /// <param name="isCompute">True if the bindings manager is used for the compute engine</param>
         public TextureBindingsManager(
             GpuContext context,
             GpuChannel channel,
+            TextureBindingsArrayCache bindingsArrayCache,
             TexturePoolCache texturePoolCache,
             SamplerPoolCache samplerPoolCache,
             bool isCompute)
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             _isCompute = isCompute;
 
-            _arrayBindingsCache = new TextureBindingsArrayCache(context, channel, isCompute);
+            _bindingsArrayCache = bindingsArrayCache;
 
             int stages = isCompute ? 1 : Constants.ShaderStages;
 
@@ -456,7 +458,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
                 {
-                    _arrayBindingsCache.UpdateTextureArray(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, _samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
+                    _bindingsArrayCache.UpdateTextureArray(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, _samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
 
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -594,7 +596,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
                 {
-                    _arrayBindingsCache.UpdateImageArray(pool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, bindingInfo);
+                    _bindingsArrayCache.UpdateImageArray(pool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, bindingInfo);
 
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -732,7 +734,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             ulong poolAddress = _channel.MemoryManager.Translate(poolGpuVa);
 
-            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId);
+            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
 
             TextureDescriptor descriptor;
 
@@ -828,7 +830,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (poolAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _texturePoolMaximumId);
+                    texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _texturePoolMaximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
                     _texturePool = texturePool;
                 }
             }
@@ -839,7 +841,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (poolAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    samplerPool = _samplerPoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _samplerPoolMaximumId);
+                    samplerPool = _samplerPoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _samplerPoolMaximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
                     _samplerPool = samplerPool;
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureManager.cs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
         private readonly TextureBindingsManager _cpBindingsManager;
         private readonly TextureBindingsManager _gpBindingsManager;
+        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _bindingsArrayCache;
         private readonly TexturePoolCache _texturePoolCache;
         private readonly SamplerPoolCache _samplerPoolCache;
 
@@ -46,8 +47,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             TexturePoolCache texturePoolCache = new(context);
             SamplerPoolCache samplerPoolCache = new(context);
 
-            _cpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: true);
-            _gpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: false);
+            _bindingsArrayCache = new TextureBindingsArrayCache(context, channel);
+            _cpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, _bindingsArrayCache, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: true);
+            _gpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, _bindingsArrayCache, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: false);
             _texturePoolCache = texturePoolCache;
             _samplerPoolCache = samplerPoolCache;
 
@@ -384,7 +386,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         {
             ulong poolAddress = _channel.MemoryManager.Translate(poolGpuVa);
 
-            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId);
+            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
 
             return texturePool;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/CachedShaderBindings.cs

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
                 TextureBindings[i] = stage.Info.Textures.Select(descriptor =>
                 {
-                    Target target = ShaderTexture.GetTarget(descriptor.Type);
+                    Target target = descriptor.Type != SamplerType.None ? ShaderTexture.GetTarget(descriptor.Type) : default;
 
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                         descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
                         descriptor.HandleIndex,
-                        descriptor.Flags);
+                        descriptor.Flags,
+                        descriptor.Type == SamplerType.None);
 
                     if (descriptor.ArrayLength <= 1)
                     {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -109,6 +109,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             return _oldSpecState.GraphicsState.HasConstantBufferDrawParameters;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Pool length is not available on the cache</exception>
+        public int QuerySamplerArrayLengthFromPool()
+        {
+            return QueryArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: true);
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
@@ -117,6 +124,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Constant buffer derived length is not available on the cache</exception>
         public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot)
         {
             if (!_oldSpecState.TextureArrayFromBufferRegistered(_stageIndex, 0, slot))
@@ -130,6 +138,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             return arrayLength;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Pool length is not available on the cache</exception>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool()
+        {
+            return QueryArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: false);
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
@@ -170,6 +185,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Texture information is not available on the cache</exception>
         public void RegisterTexture(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             if (!_oldSpecState.TextureRegistered(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot))
@@ -182,5 +198,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             bool coordNormalized = _oldSpecState.GetCoordNormalized(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
             _newSpecState.RegisterTexture(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot, format, formatSrgb, target, coordNormalized);
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the cached texture or sampler pool capacity.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True to get sampler pool length, false for texture pool length</param>
+        /// <returns>Pool length</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Pool length is not available on the cache</exception>
+        private int QueryArrayLengthFromPool(bool isSampler)
+        {
+            if (!_oldSpecState.TextureArrayFromPoolRegistered(isSampler))
+            {
+                throw new DiskCacheLoadException(DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureArrayLength);
+            }
+
+            int arrayLength = _oldSpecState.GetTextureArrayFromPoolLength(isSampler);
+            _newSpecState.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler, arrayLength);
+
+            return arrayLength;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMajor = 1;
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMinor = 2;
         private const uint FileFormatVersionPacked = ((uint)FileFormatVersionMajor << 16) | FileFormatVersionMinor;
-        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6489;
+        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6577;
 
         private const string SharedTocFileName = "shared.toc";
         private const string SharedDataFileName = "shared.data";

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessor.cs

@@ -120,6 +120,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return _state.GraphicsState.HasUnalignedStorageBuffer || _state.ComputeState.HasUnalignedStorageBuffer;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public int QuerySamplerArrayLengthFromPool()
+        {
+            int length = _state.SamplerPoolMaximumId + 1;
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: true, length);
+
+            return length;
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
@@ -141,6 +150,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return arrayLength;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool()
+        {
+            int length = _state.PoolState.TexturePoolMaximumId + 1;
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: false, length);
+
+            return length;
+        }
+
         //// <inheritdoc/>
         public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorBase.cs

@@ -213,6 +213,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
         public bool QueryHostSupportsScaledVertexFormats() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsScaledVertexFormats;
 
+        public bool QueryHostSupportsSeparateSampler() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsSeparateSampler;
+
         public bool QueryHostSupportsShaderBallot() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsShaderBallot;
 
         public bool QueryHostSupportsShaderBarrierDivergence() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorState.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
     /// </summary>
     class GpuAccessorState
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Maximum ID that a sampler pool entry may have.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly int SamplerPoolMaximumId;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// GPU texture pool state.
         /// </summary>
@@ -38,18 +43,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new GPU accessor state.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="samplerPoolMaximumId">Maximum ID that a sampler pool entry may have</param>
         /// <param name="poolState">GPU texture pool state</param>
         /// <param name="computeState">GPU compute state, for compute shaders</param>
         /// <param name="graphicsState">GPU graphics state, for vertex, tessellation, geometry and fragment shaders</param>
         /// <param name="specializationState">Shader specialization state (shared by all stages)</param>
         /// <param name="transformFeedbackDescriptors">Transform feedback information, if the shader uses transform feedback. Otherwise, should be null</param>
         public GpuAccessorState(
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId,
             GpuChannelPoolState poolState,
             GpuChannelComputeState computeState,
             GpuChannelGraphicsState graphicsState,
             ShaderSpecializationState specializationState,
             TransformFeedbackDescriptor[] transformFeedbackDescriptors = null)
         {
+            SamplerPoolMaximumId = samplerPoolMaximumId;
             PoolState = poolState;
             GraphicsState = graphicsState;
             ComputeState = computeState;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuChannelPoolState.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 {
-#pragma warning disable CS0659 // Class overrides Object.Equals(object o) but does not override Object.GetHashCode()
     /// <summary>
     /// State used by the <see cref="GpuAccessor"/>.
     /// </summary>
@@ -52,6 +51,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             return obj is GpuChannelPoolState state && Equals(state);
         }
+
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            return HashCode.Combine(TexturePoolGpuVa, TexturePoolMaximumId, TextureBufferIndex);
+        }
     }
-#pragma warning restore CS0659
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderCache.cs

@@ -192,12 +192,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// This automatically translates, compiles and adds the code to the cache if not present.
         /// </remarks>
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPoolMaximumId">Maximum ID that an entry in the sampler pool may have</param>
         /// <param name="poolState">Texture pool state</param>
         /// <param name="computeState">Compute engine state</param>
         /// <param name="gpuVa">GPU virtual address of the binary shader code</param>
         /// <returns>Compiled compute shader code</returns>
         public CachedShaderProgram GetComputeShader(
             GpuChannel channel,
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId,
             GpuChannelPoolState poolState,
             GpuChannelComputeState computeState,
             ulong gpuVa)
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             }
 
             ShaderSpecializationState specState = new(ref computeState);
-            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(poolState, computeState, default, specState);
+            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, computeState, default, specState);
             GpuAccessor gpuAccessor = new(_context, channel, gpuAccessorState);
             gpuAccessor.InitializeReservedCounts(tfEnabled: false, vertexAsCompute: false);
 
@@ -291,6 +293,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="state">GPU state</param>
         /// <param name="pipeline">Pipeline state</param>
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPoolMaximumId">Maximum ID that an entry in the sampler pool may have</param>
         /// <param name="poolState">Texture pool state</param>
         /// <param name="graphicsState">3D engine state</param>
         /// <param name="addresses">Addresses of the shaders for each stage</param>
@@ -299,6 +302,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             ref ThreedClassState state,
             ref ProgramPipelineState pipeline,
             GpuChannel channel,
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId,
             ref GpuChannelPoolState poolState,
             ref GpuChannelGraphicsState graphicsState,
             ShaderAddresses addresses)
@@ -319,7 +323,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             UpdatePipelineInfo(ref state, ref pipeline, graphicsState, channel);
 
             ShaderSpecializationState specState = new(ref graphicsState, ref pipeline, transformFeedbackDescriptors);
-            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(poolState, default, graphicsState, specState, transformFeedbackDescriptors);
+            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, default, graphicsState, specState, transformFeedbackDescriptors);
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ulong> addressesSpan = addresses.AsSpan();
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderInfoBuilder.cs

@@ -185,11 +185,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             {
                 if (texture.ArrayLength > 1)
                 {
-                    bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
-
-                    ResourceType type = isBuffer
-                        ? (isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture)
-                        : (isImage ? ResourceType.Image : ResourceType.TextureAndSampler);
+                    ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
                     _resourceDescriptors[setIndex].Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
                 }
@@ -242,16 +238,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
             {
-                bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
-
-                ResourceType type = isBuffer
-                    ? (isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture)
-                    : (isImage ? ResourceType.Image : ResourceType.TextureAndSampler);
+                ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
                 _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
             }
         }
 
+        private static ResourceType GetTextureResourceType(TextureDescriptor texture, bool isImage)
+        {
+            bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
+
+            if (isBuffer)
+            {
+                return isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture;
+            }
+            else if (isImage)
+            {
+                return ResourceType.Image;
+            }
+            else if (texture.Type == SamplerType.None)
+            {
+                return ResourceType.Sampler;
+            }
+            else if (texture.Separate)
+            {
+                return ResourceType.Texture;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return ResourceType.TextureAndSampler;
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new shader information structure from the added information.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderSpecializationState.cs

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             PrimitiveTopology = 1 << 1,
             TransformFeedback = 1 << 3,
             TextureArrayFromBuffer = 1 << 4,
+            TextureArrayFromPool = 1 << 5,
         }
 
         private QueriedStateFlags _queriedState;
@@ -154,7 +155,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>> _textureSpecialization;
-        private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, int> _textureArraySpecialization;
+        private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, int> _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization;
+        private readonly Dictionary<bool, int> _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization;
         private KeyValuePair<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>>[] _allTextures;
         private Box<TextureSpecializationState>[][] _textureByBinding;
         private Box<TextureSpecializationState>[][] _imageByBinding;
@@ -165,7 +167,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private ShaderSpecializationState()
         {
             _textureSpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>>();
-            _textureArraySpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, int>();
+            _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, int>();
+            _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization = new Dictionary<bool, int>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -327,7 +330,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Indicates that the coordinate normalization state of a given texture was used during the shader translation process.
+        /// Registers the length of a texture array calculated from a constant buffer size.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
@@ -335,10 +338,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="length">Number of elements in the texture array</param>
         public void RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot, int length)
         {
-            _textureArraySpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)] = length;
+            _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)] = length;
             _queriedState |= QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the length of a texture array calculated from a texture or sampler pool capacity.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True for sampler pool, false for texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="length">Number of elements in the texture array</param>
+        public void RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(bool isSampler, int length)
+        {
+            _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization[isSampler] = length;
+            _queriedState |= QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromPool;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Indicates that the format of a given texture was used during the shader translation process.
         /// </summary>
@@ -385,7 +399,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Checks if a given texture was registerd on this specialization state.
+        /// Checks if a given texture was registered on this specialization state.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
@@ -396,14 +410,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Checks if a given texture array (from constant buffer) was registerd on this specialization state.
+        /// Checks if a given texture array (from constant buffer) was registered on this specialization state.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the length for the given buffer and stage exists, false otherwise</returns>
         public bool TextureArrayFromBufferRegistered(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
-            return _textureArraySpecialization.ContainsKey(new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot));
+            return _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization.ContainsKey(new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a given texture array (from a sampler pool or texture pool) was registered on this specialization state.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True for sampler pool, false for texture pool</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the length for the given pool, false otherwise</returns>
+        public bool TextureArrayFromPoolRegistered(bool isSampler)
+        {
+            return _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization.ContainsKey(isSampler);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -412,6 +437,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Format and sRGB tuple</returns>
         public (uint, bool) GetFormat(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             TextureSpecializationState state = GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).Value;
@@ -424,6 +450,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Texture target</returns>
         public TextureTarget GetTextureTarget(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             return GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).Value.TextureTarget;
@@ -435,6 +462,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>True if coordinates are normalized, false otherwise</returns>
         public bool GetCoordNormalized(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             return GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).Value.CoordNormalized;
@@ -446,9 +474,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Texture array length</returns>
         public int GetTextureArrayFromBufferLength(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
-            return _textureArraySpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)];
+            return _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the recorded length of a given texture array (from a sampler or texture pool).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True to get the sampler pool length, false to get the texture pool length</param>
+        /// <returns>Texture array length</returns>
+        public int GetTextureArrayFromPoolLength(bool isSampler)
+        {
+            return _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization[isSampler];
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -894,7 +933,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     dataReader.ReadWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
                     dataReader.Read(ref length);
 
-                    specState._textureArraySpecialization[textureKey] = length;
+                    specState._textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization[textureKey] = length;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (specState._queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromPool))
+            {
+                dataReader.Read(ref count);
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < count; index++)
+                {
+                    bool textureKey = default;
+                    int length = 0;
+
+                    dataReader.ReadWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataReader.Read(ref length);
+
+                    specState._textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization[textureKey] = length;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -965,10 +1020,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             if (_queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer))
             {
-                count = (ushort)_textureArraySpecialization.Count;
+                count = (ushort)_textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization.Count;
+                dataWriter.Write(ref count);
+
+                foreach (var kv in _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization)
+                {
+                    var textureKey = kv.Key;
+                    var length = kv.Value;
+
+                    dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataWriter.Write(ref length);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (_queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromPool))
+            {
+                count = (ushort)_textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization.Count;
                 dataWriter.Write(ref count);
 
-                foreach (var kv in _textureArraySpecialization)
+                foreach (var kv in _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization)
                 {
                     var textureKey = kv.Key;
                     var length = kv.Value;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/OpenGLRenderer.cs

@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
                 supportsCubemapView: true,
                 supportsNonConstantTextureOffset: HwCapabilities.SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset,
                 supportsScaledVertexFormats: true,
+                supportsSeparateSampler: false,
                 supportsShaderBallot: HwCapabilities.SupportsShaderBallot,
                 supportsShaderBarrierDivergence: !(intelWindows || intelUnix),
                 supportsShaderFloat64: true,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Declarations.cs

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Linq;
-using System.Numerics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
 {
@@ -352,7 +351,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
                     arrayDecl = "[]";
                 }
 
-                string samplerTypeName = definition.Type.ToGlslSamplerType();
+                string samplerTypeName = definition.Separate ? definition.Type.ToGlslTextureType() : definition.Type.ToGlslSamplerType();
 
                 string layout = string.Empty;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenMemory.cs

@@ -639,14 +639,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
         private static string GetSamplerName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.Binding];
-            string name = definition.Name;
+            TextureDefinition textureDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.Binding];
+            string name = textureDefinition.Name;
 
-            if (definition.ArrayLength != 1)
+            if (textureDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
             {
                 name = $"{name}[{GetSourceExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++), AggregateType.S32)}]";
             }
 
+            if (texOp.IsSeparate)
+            {
+                TextureDefinition samplerDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+                string samplerName = samplerDefinition.Name;
+
+                if (samplerDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
+                {
+                    samplerName = $"{samplerName}[{GetSourceExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++), AggregateType.S32)}]";
+                }
+
+                name = $"{texOp.Type.ToGlslSamplerType()}({name}, {samplerName})";
+            }
+
             return name;
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Declarations.cs

@@ -160,37 +160,49 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             {
                 int setIndex = context.TargetApi == TargetApi.Vulkan ? sampler.Set : 0;
 
-                var dim = (sampler.Type & SamplerType.Mask) switch
+                SpvInstruction imageType;
+                SpvInstruction sampledImageType;
+
+                if (sampler.Type != SamplerType.None)
                 {
-                    SamplerType.Texture1D => Dim.Dim1D,
-                    SamplerType.Texture2D => Dim.Dim2D,
-                    SamplerType.Texture3D => Dim.Dim3D,
-                    SamplerType.TextureCube => Dim.Cube,
-                    SamplerType.TextureBuffer => Dim.Buffer,
-                    _ => throw new InvalidOperationException($"Invalid sampler type \"{sampler.Type & SamplerType.Mask}\"."),
-                };
+                    var dim = (sampler.Type & SamplerType.Mask) switch
+                    {
+                        SamplerType.Texture1D => Dim.Dim1D,
+                        SamplerType.Texture2D => Dim.Dim2D,
+                        SamplerType.Texture3D => Dim.Dim3D,
+                        SamplerType.TextureCube => Dim.Cube,
+                        SamplerType.TextureBuffer => Dim.Buffer,
+                        _ => throw new InvalidOperationException($"Invalid sampler type \"{sampler.Type & SamplerType.Mask}\"."),
+                    };
+
+                    imageType = context.TypeImage(
+                        context.TypeFP32(),
+                        dim,
+                        sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Shadow),
+                        sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Array),
+                        sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample),
+                        1,
+                        ImageFormat.Unknown);
+
+                    sampledImageType = context.TypeSampledImage(imageType);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    imageType = sampledImageType = context.TypeSampler();
+                }
 
-                var imageType = context.TypeImage(
-                    context.TypeFP32(),
-                    dim,
-                    sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Shadow),
-                    sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Array),
-                    sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample),
-                    1,
-                    ImageFormat.Unknown);
-
-                var sampledImageType = context.TypeSampledImage(imageType);
-                var sampledImagePointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, sampledImageType);
+                var sampledOrSeparateImageType = sampler.Separate ? imageType : sampledImageType;
+                var sampledImagePointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, sampledOrSeparateImageType);
                 var sampledImageArrayPointerType = sampledImagePointerType;
 
                 if (sampler.ArrayLength == 0)
                 {
-                    var sampledImageArrayType = context.TypeRuntimeArray(sampledImageType);
+                    var sampledImageArrayType = context.TypeRuntimeArray(sampledOrSeparateImageType);
                     sampledImageArrayPointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, sampledImageArrayType);
                 }
                 else if (sampler.ArrayLength != 1)
                 {
-                    var sampledImageArrayType = context.TypeArray(sampledImageType, context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), sampler.ArrayLength));
+                    var sampledImageArrayType = context.TypeArray(sampledOrSeparateImageType, context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), sampler.ArrayLength));
                     sampledImageArrayPointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, sampledImageArrayType);
                 }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Instructions.cs

@@ -838,16 +838,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             }
 
             SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
-
-            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
-            {
-                SpvInstruction textureIndex = Src(AggregateType.S32);
-
-                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
-            }
-
-            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
+            SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int pCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
 
@@ -1171,16 +1162,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             }
 
             SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
-
-            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
-            {
-                SpvInstruction textureIndex = Src(AggregateType.S32);
-
-                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
-            }
-
-            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
+            SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
 
@@ -1449,17 +1431,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
-
-            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
-            {
-                SpvInstruction textureIndex = context.GetS32(texOp.GetSource(0));
+            int srcIndex = 0;
 
-                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
-            }
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
-            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
 
             SpvInstruction result = context.ImageQuerySamples(context.TypeS32(), image);
@@ -1471,17 +1447,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
-
-            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
-            {
-                SpvInstruction textureIndex = context.GetS32(texOp.GetSource(0));
+            int srcIndex = 0;
 
-                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
-            }
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
-            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
 
             if (texOp.Index == 3)
@@ -1506,8 +1476,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 if (hasLod)
                 {
-                    int lodSrcIndex = declaration.IsIndexed ? 1 : 0;
-                    var lod = context.GetS32(operation.GetSource(lodSrcIndex));
+                    var lod = context.GetS32(operation.GetSource(srcIndex));
                     result = context.ImageQuerySizeLod(resultType, image, lod);
                 }
                 else
@@ -1905,6 +1874,43 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             }
         }
 
+        private static SpvInstruction GenerateSampledImageLoad(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, SamplerDeclaration declaration, ref int srcIndex)
+        {
+            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
+
+            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
+            {
+                SpvInstruction textureIndex = context.Get(AggregateType.S32, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
+
+                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
+            }
+
+            if (texOp.IsSeparate)
+            {
+                image = context.Load(declaration.ImageType, image);
+
+                SamplerDeclaration samplerDeclaration = context.Samplers[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+
+                SpvInstruction sampler = samplerDeclaration.Image;
+
+                if (samplerDeclaration.IsIndexed)
+                {
+                    SpvInstruction samplerIndex = context.Get(AggregateType.S32, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
+
+                    sampler = context.AccessChain(samplerDeclaration.SampledImagePointerType, sampler, samplerIndex);
+                }
+
+                sampler = context.Load(samplerDeclaration.ImageType, sampler);
+                image = context.SampledImage(declaration.SampledImageType, image, sampler);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
+            }
+
+            return image;
+        }
+
         private static OperationResult GenerateUnary(
             CodeGenContext context,
             AstOperation operation,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -26,13 +26,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         /// <returns>Span of the memory location</returns>
         ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize);
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Gets the size in bytes of a bound constant buffer for the current shader stage.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="slot">The number of the constant buffer to get the size from</param>
-        /// <returns>Size in bytes</returns>
-        int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot);
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries the binding number of a constant buffer.
         /// </summary>
@@ -298,6 +291,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             return true;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Queries host API support for separate textures and samplers.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the API supports samplers and textures to be combined on the shader, false otherwise</returns>
+        bool QueryHostSupportsSeparateSampler()
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries host GPU shader ballot support.
         /// </summary>
@@ -388,6 +390,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             return true;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the maximum number of samplers that the bound texture pool may have.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Maximum amount of samplers that the pool may have</returns>
+        int QuerySamplerArrayLengthFromPool();
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries sampler type information.
         /// </summary>
@@ -399,6 +407,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             return SamplerType.Texture2D;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the size in bytes of a bound constant buffer for the current shader stage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="slot">The number of the constant buffer to get the size from</param>
+        /// <returns>Size in bytes</returns>
+        int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the maximum number of textures that the bound texture pool may have.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Maximum amount of textures that the pool may have</returns>
+        int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool();
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries texture coordinate normalization information.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/Operation.cs

@@ -216,6 +216,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
 
             newSources[index] = source;
 
+            if (source != null && source.Type == OperandType.LocalVariable)
+            {
+                source.UseOps.Add(this);
+            }
+
             _sources = newSources;
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/TextureOperation.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
         public TextureFlags Flags { get; private set; }
 
         public int Binding { get; private set; }
+        public int SamplerBinding { get; private set; }
 
         public TextureOperation(
             Instruction inst,
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
             Binding = binding;
+            SamplerBinding = -1;
         }
 
         public void TurnIntoArray(int binding)
@@ -32,6 +34,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             Binding = binding;
         }
 
+        public void TurnIntoArray(int textureBinding, int samplerBinding)
+        {
+            TurnIntoArray(textureBinding);
+
+            SamplerBinding = samplerBinding;
+        }
+
         public void SetBinding(int binding)
         {
             if ((Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/SamplerType.cs

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         {
             string typeName = (type & SamplerType.Mask) switch
             {
+                SamplerType.None => "sampler",
                 SamplerType.Texture1D => "sampler1D",
                 SamplerType.TextureBuffer => "samplerBuffer",
                 SamplerType.Texture2D => "sampler2D",
@@ -95,6 +96,31 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             return typeName;
         }
 
+        public static string ToGlslTextureType(this SamplerType type)
+        {
+            string typeName = (type & SamplerType.Mask) switch
+            {
+                SamplerType.Texture1D => "texture1D",
+                SamplerType.TextureBuffer => "textureBuffer",
+                SamplerType.Texture2D => "texture2D",
+                SamplerType.Texture3D => "texture3D",
+                SamplerType.TextureCube => "textureCube",
+                _ => throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid texture type \"{type}\"."),
+            };
+
+            if ((type & SamplerType.Multisample) != 0)
+            {
+                typeName += "MS";
+            }
+
+            if ((type & SamplerType.Array) != 0)
+            {
+                typeName += "Array";
+            }
+
+            return typeName;
+        }
+
         public static string ToGlslImageType(this SamplerType type, AggregateType componentType)
         {
             string typeName = (type & SamplerType.Mask) switch

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/AstTextureOperation.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
         public TextureFlags Flags { get; }
 
         public int Binding { get; }
+        public int SamplerBinding { get; }
+
+        public bool IsSeparate => SamplerBinding >= 0;
 
         public AstTextureOperation(
             Instruction inst,
@@ -16,6 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
             int binding,
+            int samplerBinding,
             int index,
             params IAstNode[] sources) : base(inst, StorageKind.None, false, index, sources, sources.Length)
         {
@@ -23,6 +27,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
             Binding = binding;
+            SamplerBinding = samplerBinding;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/StructuredProgram.cs

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 
             AstTextureOperation GetAstTextureOperation(TextureOperation texOp)
             {
-                return new AstTextureOperation(inst, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.Flags, texOp.Binding, texOp.Index, sources);
+                return new AstTextureOperation(inst, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.Flags, texOp.Binding, texOp.SamplerBinding, texOp.Index, sources);
             }
 
             int componentsCount = BitOperations.PopCount((uint)operation.Index);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/TextureDefinition.cs

@@ -5,25 +5,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         public int Set { get; }
         public int Binding { get; }
         public int ArrayLength { get; }
+        public bool Separate { get; }
         public string Name { get; }
         public SamplerType Type { get; }
         public TextureFormat Format { get; }
         public TextureUsageFlags Flags { get; }
 
-        public TextureDefinition(int set, int binding, int arrayLength, string name, SamplerType type, TextureFormat format, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureDefinition(
+            int set,
+            int binding,
+            int arrayLength,
+            bool separate,
+            string name,
+            SamplerType type,
+            TextureFormat format,
+            TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             ArrayLength = arrayLength;
+            Separate = separate;
             Name = name;
             Type = type;
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
         }
 
+        public TextureDefinition(int set, int binding, string name, SamplerType type) : this(set, binding, 1, false, name, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None)
+        {
+        }
+
         public TextureDefinition SetFlag(TextureUsageFlags flag)
         {
-            return new TextureDefinition(Set, Binding, ArrayLength, Name, Type, Format, Flags | flag);
+            return new TextureDefinition(Set, Binding, ArrayLength, Separate, Name, Type, Format, Flags | flag);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/TextureDescriptor.cs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         public readonly int HandleIndex;
         public readonly int ArrayLength;
 
+        public readonly bool Separate;
+
         public readonly TextureUsageFlags Flags;
 
         public TextureDescriptor(
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             int cbufSlot,
             int handleIndex,
             int arrayLength,
+            bool separate,
             TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Binding = binding;
@@ -30,6 +33,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
             HandleIndex = handleIndex;
             ArrayLength = arrayLength;
+            Separate = separate;
             Flags = flags;
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/TextureHandle.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         SeparateSamplerHandle = 1,
         SeparateSamplerId = 2,
         SeparateConstantSamplerHandle = 3,
+        Direct = 4,
     }
 
     public static class TextureHandle

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessElimination.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr;
+using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                if (!TryConvertBindless(block, resourceManager, gpuAccessor, texOp))
+                if (!TryConvertBindless(block, resourceManager, gpuAccessor, texOp) &&
+                    !GenerateBindlessAccess(block, resourceManager, gpuAccessor, texOp, node))
                 {
                     // If we can't do bindless elimination, remove the texture operation.
                     // Set any destination variables to zero.
@@ -46,6 +48,88 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             }
         }
 
+        private static bool GenerateBindlessAccess(
+            BasicBlock block,
+            ResourceManager resourceManager,
+            IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor,
+            TextureOperation texOp,
+            LinkedListNode<INode> node)
+        {
+            if (!gpuAccessor.QueryHostSupportsSeparateSampler())
+            {
+                // We depend on combining samplers and textures in the shader being supported for this.
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            Operand nvHandle = texOp.GetSource(0);
+
+            if (nvHandle.AsgOp is not Operation handleOp ||
+                handleOp.Inst != Instruction.Load ||
+                handleOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.Input)
+            {
+                // Right now, we only allow bindless access when the handle comes from a shader input.
+                // This is an artificial limitation to prevent it from being used in cases where it
+                // would have a large performance impact of loading all textures in the pool.
+                // It might be removed in the future, if we can mitigate the performance impact.
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            Operand textureHandle = OperandHelper.Local();
+            Operand samplerHandle = OperandHelper.Local();
+            Operand textureIndex = OperandHelper.Local();
+
+            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.BitwiseAnd, textureHandle, nvHandle, OperandHelper.Const(0xfffff)));
+            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.ShiftRightU32, samplerHandle, nvHandle, OperandHelper.Const(20)));
+
+            int texturePoolLength = Math.Max(BindlessToArray.MinimumArrayLength, gpuAccessor.QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool());
+
+            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.MinimumU32, textureIndex, textureHandle, OperandHelper.Const(texturePoolLength - 1)));
+
+            texOp.SetSource(0, textureIndex);
+
+            bool hasSampler = !texOp.Inst.IsImage();
+
+            int textureBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                texOp.Inst,
+                texOp.Type,
+                texOp.Format,
+                texOp.Flags & ~TextureFlags.Bindless,
+                0,
+                TextureHandle.PackOffsets(0, 0, TextureHandleType.Direct),
+                texturePoolLength,
+                hasSampler);
+
+            if (hasSampler)
+            {
+                Operand samplerIndex = OperandHelper.Local();
+
+                int samplerPoolLength = Math.Max(BindlessToArray.MinimumArrayLength, gpuAccessor.QuerySamplerArrayLengthFromPool());
+
+                block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.MinimumU32, samplerIndex, samplerHandle, OperandHelper.Const(samplerPoolLength - 1)));
+
+                texOp.InsertSource(1, samplerIndex);
+
+                int samplerBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                    texOp.Inst,
+                    SamplerType.None,
+                    texOp.Format,
+                    TextureFlags.None,
+                    0,
+                    TextureHandle.PackOffsets(0, 0, TextureHandleType.Direct),
+                    samplerPoolLength);
+
+                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureBinding, samplerBinding);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureBinding);
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
         private static bool TryConvertBindless(BasicBlock block, ResourceManager resourceManager, IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor, TextureOperation texOp)
         {
             if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.TextureSample || texOp.Inst.IsTextureQuery())

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessToArray.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
         private const int HardcodedArrayLengthOgl = 4;
 
         // 1 and 0 elements are not considered arrays anymore.
-        private const int MinimumArrayLength = 2;
+        public const int MinimumArrayLength = 2;
 
         public static void RunPassOgl(BasicBlock block, ResourceManager resourceManager)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/ResourceManager.cs

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         private readonly HashSet<int> _usedConstantBufferBindings;
 
-        private readonly record struct TextureInfo(int CbufSlot, int Handle, int ArrayLength, SamplerType Type, TextureFormat Format);
+        private readonly record struct TextureInfo(int CbufSlot, int Handle, int ArrayLength, bool Separate, SamplerType Type, TextureFormat Format);
 
         private struct TextureMeta
         {
@@ -225,7 +225,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             TextureFlags flags,
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
-            int arrayLength = 1)
+            int arrayLength = 1,
+            bool separate = false)
         {
             inst &= Instruction.Mask;
             bool isImage = inst.IsImage();
@@ -239,7 +240,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 format = TextureFormat.Unknown;
             }
 
-            int binding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(cbufSlot, handle, arrayLength, type, format, isImage, intCoords, isWrite, accurateType, coherent);
+            int binding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                cbufSlot,
+                handle,
+                arrayLength,
+                type,
+                format,
+                isImage,
+                intCoords,
+                isWrite,
+                accurateType,
+                coherent,
+                separate);
 
             _gpuAccessor.RegisterTexture(handle, cbufSlot);
 
@@ -256,9 +268,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             bool intCoords,
             bool write,
             bool accurateType,
-            bool coherent)
+            bool coherent,
+            bool separate)
         {
-            var dimensions = type.GetDimensions();
+            var dimensions = type == SamplerType.None ? 0 : type.GetDimensions();
             var dict = isImage ? _usedImages : _usedTextures;
 
             var usageFlags = TextureUsageFlags.None;
@@ -290,7 +303,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             // For array textures, we also want to use type as key,
             // since we may have texture handles stores in the same buffer, but for textures with different types.
             var keyType = arrayLength > 1 ? type : SamplerType.None;
-            var info = new TextureInfo(cbufSlot, handle, arrayLength, keyType, format);
+            var info = new TextureInfo(cbufSlot, handle, arrayLength, separate, keyType, format);
             var meta = new TextureMeta()
             {
                 AccurateType = accurateType,
@@ -332,6 +345,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     ? $"{prefix}_tcb_{handle:X}_{format.ToGlslFormat()}"
                     : $"{prefix}_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}_{format.ToGlslFormat()}";
             }
+            else if (type == SamplerType.None)
+            {
+                nameSuffix = cbufSlot < 0 ? $"s_tcb_{handle:X}" : $"s_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}";
+            }
             else
             {
                 nameSuffix = cbufSlot < 0 ? $"{prefix}_tcb_{handle:X}" : $"{prefix}_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}";
@@ -341,6 +358,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 isImage ? 3 : 2,
                 binding,
                 arrayLength,
+                separate,
                 $"{_stagePrefix}_{nameSuffix}",
                 meta.Type,
                 info.Format,
@@ -495,6 +513,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     info.CbufSlot,
                     info.Handle,
                     info.ArrayLength,
+                    info.Separate,
                     meta.UsageFlags));
             }
 
@@ -514,6 +533,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                         info.CbufSlot,
                         info.Handle,
                         info.ArrayLength,
+                        info.Separate,
                         meta.UsageFlags));
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/TranslatorContext.cs

@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 if (Stage == ShaderStage.Vertex)
                 {
                     int ibBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.IndexBufferTextureBinding;
-                    TextureDefinition indexBuffer = new(2, ibBinding, 1, "ib_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
+                    TextureDefinition indexBuffer = new(2, ibBinding, "ib_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                     resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(indexBuffer);
 
                     int inputMap = _program.AttributeUsage.UsedInputAttributes;
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     {
                         int location = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(inputMap);
                         int binding = resourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(location);
-                        TextureDefinition vaBuffer = new(2, binding, 1, $"vb_data{location}", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
+                        TextureDefinition vaBuffer = new(2, binding, $"vb_data{location}", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                         resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(vaBuffer);
 
                         inputMap &= ~(1 << location);
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 else if (Stage == ShaderStage.Geometry)
                 {
                     int trbBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.TopologyRemapBufferTextureBinding;
-                    TextureDefinition remapBuffer = new(2, trbBinding, 1, "trb_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
+                    TextureDefinition remapBuffer = new(2, trbBinding, "trb_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                     resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(remapBuffer);
 
                     int geometryVbOutputSbBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.GeometryVertexOutputStorageBufferBinding;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/DescriptorSetTemplate.cs

@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 int binding = segment.Binding;
                 int count = segment.Count;
 
-                if (setIndex == PipelineBase.UniformSetIndex)
+                if (IsBufferType(segment.Type))
                 {
                     entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
                     {
-                        DescriptorType = DescriptorType.UniformBuffer,
+                        DescriptorType = segment.Type.Convert(),
                         DstBinding = (uint)binding,
                         DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
                         Offset = structureOffset,
@@ -56,76 +56,31 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
                     structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorBufferInfo>() * count);
                 }
-                else if (setIndex == PipelineBase.StorageSetIndex)
+                else if (IsBufferTextureType(segment.Type))
                 {
                     entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
                     {
-                        DescriptorType = DescriptorType.StorageBuffer,
+                        DescriptorType = segment.Type.Convert(),
                         DstBinding = (uint)binding,
                         DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
                         Offset = structureOffset,
-                        Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorBufferInfo>()
+                        Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>()
                     };
 
-                    structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorBufferInfo>() * count);
-                }
-                else if (setIndex == PipelineBase.TextureSetIndex)
-                {
-                    if (segment.Type != ResourceType.BufferTexture)
-                    {
-                        entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
-                        {
-                            DescriptorType = DescriptorType.CombinedImageSampler,
-                            DstBinding = (uint)binding,
-                            DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
-                            Offset = structureOffset,
-                            Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>()
-                        };
-
-                        structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>() * count);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
-                        {
-                            DescriptorType = DescriptorType.UniformTexelBuffer,
-                            DstBinding = (uint)binding,
-                            DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
-                            Offset = structureOffset,
-                            Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>()
-                        };
-
-                        structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>() * count);
-                    }
+                    structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>() * count);
                 }
-                else if (setIndex == PipelineBase.ImageSetIndex)
+                else
                 {
-                    if (segment.Type != ResourceType.BufferImage)
-                    {
-                        entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
-                        {
-                            DescriptorType = DescriptorType.StorageImage,
-                            DstBinding = (uint)binding,
-                            DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
-                            Offset = structureOffset,
-                            Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>()
-                        };
-
-                        structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>() * count);
-                    }
-                    else
+                    entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
                     {
-                        entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
-                        {
-                            DescriptorType = DescriptorType.StorageTexelBuffer,
-                            DstBinding = (uint)binding,
-                            DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
-                            Offset = structureOffset,
-                            Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>()
-                        };
-
-                        structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>() * count);
-                    }
+                        DescriptorType = segment.Type.Convert(),
+                        DstBinding = (uint)binding,
+                        DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
+                        Offset = structureOffset,
+                        Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>()
+                    };
+
+                    structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>() * count);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -237,6 +192,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             Template = result;
         }
 
+        private static bool IsBufferType(ResourceType type)
+        {
+            return type == ResourceType.UniformBuffer || type == ResourceType.StorageBuffer;
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsBufferTextureType(ResourceType type)
+        {
+            return type == ResourceType.BufferTexture || type == ResourceType.BufferImage;
+        }
+
         public unsafe void Dispose()
         {
             _gd.Api.DestroyDescriptorUpdateTemplate(_device, Template, null);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanRenderer.cs

@@ -706,6 +706,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 supportsCubemapView: !IsAmdGcn,
                 supportsNonConstantTextureOffset: false,
                 supportsScaledVertexFormats: FormatCapabilities.SupportsScaledVertexFormats(),
+                supportsSeparateSampler: true,
                 supportsShaderBallot: false,
                 supportsShaderBarrierDivergence: Vendor != Vendor.Intel,
                 supportsShaderFloat64: Capabilities.SupportsShaderFloat64,

src/Ryujinx.ShaderTools/Program.cs

@@ -58,10 +58,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.ShaderTools
                 return MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ulong>(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(_data)[(int)address..]);
             }
 
+            public int QuerySamplerArrayLengthFromPool()
+            {
+                return DefaultArrayLength;
+            }
+
             public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot)
             {
                 return DefaultArrayLength;
             }
+
+            public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool()
+            {
+                return DefaultArrayLength;
+            }
         }
 
         private class Options